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Eiken Pre-1 Speaking Presents

Environment, Work & Education

Eiken Pre-1 Speaking — Part 1
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The Winning Formula (40-45 Sec)

Follow this structure for every question. Examiners expect a clear opinion, two supported reasons, and a conclusion.

1
Opinion — State your position clearly (5 sec)
2
Reason 1 + Example — First supporting point with concrete detail (15-20 sec)
3
Reason 2 + Example — Second supporting point with evidence (15-20 sec)
4
Conclusion — Restate your position with conviction (5 sec)

Filler Phrases — Buy Time

Silence is penalized. Use these phrases naturally to buy thinking time.

That's an interesting question...
Let me think about that for a moment...
Well, from my perspective...
That's a difficult question, but...
I haven't thought about it deeply, but...
If I had to choose, I'd say...
Environment — 3 Questions
Q1 Should plastic bags be banned in all stores?
Intermediate

Think About It First

  • What environmental damage do plastic bags cause? Think about oceans and wildlife.
  • How long do they persist in the environment? Consider the decomposition timeline.
  • Are reusable alternatives genuinely practical for everyday shoppers?
  • Conclusion: Weigh environmental urgency against consumer convenience.
Key vocab: disposable marine ecosystem decompose phase out viable alternative
Model Answer

"I firmly believe that disposable plastic bags should be phased out of all retail stores. First and foremost, they pose a severe threat to marine ecosystems -- millions of tons of plastic waste end up in the ocean each year, entangling wildlife and contaminating the food chain. On top of that, plastic bags take several hundred years to decompose, which means the ones we discard today will outlast multiple generations. While some argue that bans inconvenience shoppers, reusable bags are an affordable and practical alternative that most consumers can adopt with minimal effort. For these reasons, a comprehensive ban is not only justified but long overdue."

Director's Notes

  • "phase out" 段階的に廃止する -- "ban" より政策的で洗練された表現。準1級で差がつく語彙
  • "pose a threat to" 〜に脅威をもたらす -- 問題の深刻さを伝える定番コロケーション
  • "marine ecosystem" 海洋生態系 -- "ocean animals" より学術的。環境トピックの必須ワード
  • "contaminating the food chain" 食物連鎖を汚染する -- 影響の連鎖を具体的に示すことで説得力が増す
  • "long overdue" 遅すぎるくらいだ -- 結論を力強く締める表現。"necessary" より印象的
Q2 Is it the government's responsibility to protect the environment?
Advanced

Consider Both Sides

  • Yes side: Environmental crises are systemic -- can individuals regulate industrial emissions or enforce compliance?
  • No side: If citizens wait for legislation, does personal accountability disappear?
  • Think about what only governments can do vs. what grassroots movements achieve.
Key vocab: enforce regulations systemic hold accountable grassroots collective responsibility
Yes

"I believe the government bears primary responsibility for environmental protection. Environmental crises such as climate change and industrial pollution are systemic problems that no individual can tackle alone. Governments have the authority to enforce regulations on corporations, set emission standards, and allocate funding for renewable energy research. Moreover, without legislative frameworks, companies have little incentive to prioritize sustainability over profit. Therefore, while individual efforts matter, it is ultimately the government's duty to create the structural conditions for meaningful environmental progress."

Director's Notes

  • "bears primary responsibility" 主な責任を負う -- "is responsible" より格調が高い。bear = 責任を担う
  • "systemic problems" 構造的な問題 -- 個人では解決不可能な規模の問題であることを強調
  • "enforce regulations on" 〜に対して規制を強制する -- 政府固有の権限を具体的に示す
  • "allocate funding for" 〜に資金を配分する -- 予算措置という政府ならではの手段
  • "have little incentive to" 〜する動機がほとんどない -- 企業行動の現実を冷静に指摘する表現
No

"While governments play an important role, I believe environmental protection is a collective responsibility that extends beyond any single institution. Grassroots movements and individual lifestyle changes -- such as reducing consumption, choosing sustainable products, and supporting local conservation efforts -- can drive significant change from the bottom up. Furthermore, relying solely on government action creates a dangerous sense of complacency among citizens. History shows that some of the most impactful environmental reforms originated from public pressure rather than top-down policy. For this reason, I think shared responsibility is far more effective than placing the entire burden on the government."

Director's Notes

  • "collective responsibility" 集団的責任 -- 責任を分散させる議論の中核概念
  • "drive change from the bottom up" ボトムアップで変化を推進する -- grassroots活動の力を表現
  • "sense of complacency" 安心感・自己満足 -- 他者に依存する危険性を指摘する洗練された表現
  • "originated from public pressure" 市民の圧力から生まれた -- 歴史的事実を根拠にする説得技法
  • "placing the entire burden on" すべての負担を〜に負わせる -- 偏った責任配分への反論
Q3 Should companies pay more for pollution?
Intermediate

Think About It First

  • Who generates the most pollution -- individual consumers or large-scale manufacturers?
  • If polluting is cheap, what incentive exists for companies to adopt cleaner methods?
  • Consider the "polluter pays" principle -- is it fair to pass cleanup costs to taxpayers?
  • How might higher fees drive innovation in green technology?
Key vocab: carbon tax polluter pays principle incentivize externalities green technology
Model Answer

"I strongly agree that companies should face higher financial penalties for pollution. Under the current system, many corporations treat environmental damage as an acceptable cost of doing business, effectively passing the burden of cleanup onto taxpayers. Implementing a stricter carbon tax and applying the 'polluter pays' principle would incentivize firms to invest in cleaner production methods and adopt sustainable practices. In addition, the revenue generated from these fees could fund environmental restoration projects. Ultimately, making pollution expensive is one of the most practical ways to accelerate the transition to a greener economy."

Director's Notes

  • "face higher financial penalties" より高い経済的罰則を受ける -- "pay more" を格上げした準1級レベルの表現
  • "an acceptable cost of doing business" 事業活動の許容コスト -- 企業の考え方を批判的に描写
  • "the 'polluter pays' principle" 汚染者負担の原則 -- 環境経済学の基本概念。面接で使えると印象的
  • "incentivize firms to" 企業に〜するインセンティブを与える -- "encourage" より政策的で洗練された語彙
  • "accelerate the transition to" 〜への移行を加速する -- 変化のスピード感を伝える力強い表現
Work & Employment — 2 Questions
Q4 Is working from home better than working in an office?
Intermediate

Consider Both Sides

  • Yes side: How much time is lost commuting? What does schedule autonomy mean for productivity?
  • No side: What happens to teamwork and mentoring without physical proximity? Can everyone maintain discipline at home?
  • Think about how the pandemic reshaped attitudes toward remote work.
Key vocab: autonomy work-life balance in-person collaboration blurred boundaries hybrid model
Yes

"I believe working from home offers significant advantages over the traditional office model. To begin with, eliminating the daily commute saves employees considerable time and energy, which can be redirected toward productive work or personal well-being. Beyond that, remote work grants individuals greater autonomy over their schedules, allowing them to work during their most focused hours. Research consistently shows that employees who enjoy flexibility report higher job satisfaction and lower burnout rates. While critics point to the risk of isolation, modern communication tools have largely addressed that concern. On balance, remote work represents a healthier and more efficient way of organizing professional life."

Director's Notes

  • "eliminating the daily commute" 毎日の通勤をなくす -- "saving commuting time" より具体的で力強い
  • "grants individuals greater autonomy" 個人により大きな自律性を与える -- autonomy は準1級頻出の重要語
  • "lower burnout rates" 燃え尽き症候群の割合が低い -- 現代の働き方の議論で使える実践的フレーズ
  • "on balance" 全体的に見て -- 結論で両面を考慮した上での判断を示す上級表現
  • "redirected toward" 〜に振り向ける -- リソースの再配分を表す洗練された動詞
No

"I believe working in an office remains the more effective arrangement for most people. In-person collaboration fosters spontaneous idea-sharing and stronger team cohesion, both of which are difficult to replicate through a screen. Additionally, the physical separation between home and workplace establishes clear boundaries that help employees mentally switch between professional and personal modes. Many remote workers report that blurred boundaries lead to overwork and difficulty disconnecting. While remote work suits certain roles, the structured environment of an office generally promotes better focus, accountability, and professional development."

Director's Notes

  • "fosters spontaneous idea-sharing" 自発的なアイデアの共有を育む -- foster は「育てる」。計画的ではない自然な交流
  • "team cohesion" チームの結束力 -- "teamwork" より学術的で準1級向きの表現
  • "blurred boundaries" 曖昧な境界線 -- 在宅勤務の問題を端的に表す重要コロケーション
  • "difficulty disconnecting" 切り替えの困難さ -- 現代の労働問題を議論する際の実用フレーズ
  • "accountability" 説明責任 -- ビジネス英語の重要語。管理体制の文脈で頻出
Q5 Should companies provide flexible working hours?
Intermediate

Think About It First

  • How do rigid 9-to-5 schedules affect employees with childcare or eldercare duties?
  • Does everyone perform best at the same hours? Think about early birds vs. night owls.
  • What impact does schedule flexibility have on employee retention and morale?
  • Are there industries where flexibility is impractical? (e.g., hospitals, manufacturing)
Key vocab: accommodate peak performance hours employee retention work-life integration morale
Model Answer

"I strongly believe that companies should offer flexible working arrangements wherever feasible. Rigid schedules fail to accommodate the diverse needs of today's workforce -- employees with childcare responsibilities, for instance, often struggle to conform to a strict nine-to-five routine. Furthermore, research in occupational psychology suggests that people have different peak performance windows; allowing them to work during those periods naturally boosts productivity. Companies that embrace flexibility also tend to see improved employee retention and higher morale, which translates into long-term cost savings. While some industries require fixed hours for operational reasons, the general trend toward flexibility is both beneficial and inevitable."

Director's Notes

  • "wherever feasible" 実現可能なところではどこでも -- 現実的な条件を付ける知的な表現
  • "fail to accommodate" 〜に対応できない -- 制度の欠陥を指摘する際の定番フレーズ
  • "peak performance windows" 最高パフォーマンスの時間帯 -- 科学的根拠に基づいた議論を展開
  • "employee retention" 従業員の定着率 -- ビジネスの文脈で非常に重要な概念
  • "beneficial and inevitable" 有益かつ不可避 -- 結論を二つの形容詞で力強くまとめる技法
Education — 2 Questions
Q6 Should universities be free for all students?
Advanced

Consider Both Sides

  • Yes side: How does tuition debt limit career choices for graduates? What about students from disadvantaged backgrounds?
  • No side: Who pays for "free" education? How might overcrowding affect quality? Are targeted scholarships a better solution?
  • Look at countries with free university (Germany, Norway) vs. those without -- what trade-offs exist?
Key vocab: socioeconomic barrier meritocracy taxpayer burden means-tested scholarships dilute quality
Yes

"I firmly believe that university education should be tuition-free. In many countries, high tuition fees create socioeconomic barriers that prevent talented students from disadvantaged backgrounds from accessing higher education. This perpetuates inequality across generations. Free university education would move us closer to a genuine meritocracy where success is determined by ability and effort rather than financial circumstances. Countries like Germany and Norway have demonstrated that publicly funded higher education can maintain high academic standards while dramatically expanding access. The long-term return on investment -- through higher tax revenues from better-educated citizens -- more than justifies the initial cost."

Director's Notes

  • "socioeconomic barriers" 社会経済的障壁 -- 教育格差を議論する際の中核概念。準1級の論述で差がつく
  • "perpetuates inequality" 不平等を固定化する -- perpetuate = 永続させる。社会問題の根深さを表現
  • "genuine meritocracy" 真の実力主義 -- 理想的な社会制度として提示する際に効果的
  • "return on investment" 投資収益率 -- 教育を「投資」として捉える経済的視点の導入
  • "more than justifies" 十分に正当化する -- "more than" が「余りあるほど」を強調する修辞的技法
No

"While the idea of free university sounds appealing, I don't think it is the most practical or equitable approach. Making all universities free would place an enormous financial burden on taxpayers, including those who never attend university themselves. Furthermore, if admission becomes unrestricted, institutions may become overcrowded, potentially diluting the quality of education. A more targeted solution, such as means-tested scholarships and income-based loan repayment plans, would ensure that financial support reaches those who genuinely need it without creating unsustainable costs for society as a whole."

Director's Notes

  • "equitable approach" 公平なアプローチ -- "fair" より学術的。equity(公正)の形容詞形
  • "diluting the quality" 質を薄める -- dilute は液体を薄めるイメージ。比喩的に質の低下を表現
  • "means-tested scholarships" 所得審査付き奨学金 -- 具体的な代替案を提示することで議論に説得力を加える
  • "income-based loan repayment" 収入連動型ローン返済 -- 現実的な政策提案として非常に効果的
  • "unsustainable costs" 持続不可能なコスト -- 長期的な財政への影響を指摘する重要表現
Q7 Is online education as effective as traditional classroom learning?
Intermediate

Consider Both Sides

  • Yes side: How do features like on-demand replay, adaptive pacing, and global access benefit learners?
  • No side: What is lost without real-time peer interaction, structured environments, and teacher presence?
  • Consider whether effectiveness depends on the subject matter (e.g., lab-based science vs. lecture-based humanities).
Key vocab: self-paced learning digital divide peer interaction self-discipline pedagogical approach
Yes

"I believe that online education has matured to the point where it can match -- and in some areas surpass -- traditional classroom learning. Self-paced platforms allow students to revisit complex material as many times as needed, which is simply not possible in a live lecture setting. Furthermore, online education democratizes access to world-class instructors and institutions regardless of geographic location. The pandemic demonstrated that with adequate infrastructure and well-designed curricula, digital learning can deliver meaningful outcomes. Of course, it requires a degree of self-discipline, but developing that skill is itself valuable preparation for the modern workforce."

Director's Notes

  • "has matured to the point where" 〜できるレベルにまで成熟した -- 進歩や発展を表す洗練された構文
  • "democratizes access to" 〜へのアクセスを民主化する -- 教育の平等化を力強く表現する動詞
  • "with adequate infrastructure" 適切なインフラがあれば -- 条件を明示することで議論の現実性を高める
  • "deliver meaningful outcomes" 有意義な成果を提供する -- "work well" の準1級版。結果を具体的に表現
  • "a degree of self-discipline" 一定の自己規律 -- 反論を先取りして認める (concession) の技法
No

"While online education has improved significantly, I don't believe it can fully replace the classroom experience. Traditional learning environments offer real-time peer interaction and collaborative discussion that foster critical thinking in ways that asynchronous forums cannot replicate. Moreover, many students lack the self-discipline required to succeed in unstructured settings, leading to higher dropout rates in online programs. The digital divide is another critical concern -- students without reliable internet access or quiet study spaces are systematically disadvantaged. For subjects that require hands-on practice, such as laboratory sciences or performing arts, the classroom remains indispensable."

Director's Notes

  • "asynchronous forums" 非同期のフォーラム -- リアルタイムではないオンライン上の議論スペース。対比の技法で教室の利点を際立たせる
  • "higher dropout rates" より高い中退率 -- 統計的根拠を示唆することで議論に重みを加える
  • "the digital divide" デジタルデバイド(情報格差) -- 準1級の社会問題トピックで頻出の重要概念
  • "systematically disadvantaged" 組織的に不利な立場に置かれる -- 構造的な不公平を指摘する学術的表現
  • "remains indispensable" 依然として不可欠である -- 結論を断定的に述べる力強いフレーズ